PMID-16859758 Brain-machine interfaces: past, present and future.
- Describes the state of the art & what needs to be done. Namely, better recording quality.
- state that current EEG BMIs are limited to 5-25 bits/min (typo!!) [2,11]
- [2] Wolpaw "Brain-computer interfaces for communication and control" 2002.
- [11] Birbaumer "Brain-computer-interface research: coming of age" 2006.
- set of references on biofeedback control of EEG in research animals.
- EEG BCIs are either biofeedback based or classifier (P300, synchronous decoder ) based.
- First invasive BMIs Fetz [40-45], Schmidt [46]; progress has been limited by technology. Must have been quite challenging for him to do the research!
- [40] Fetz "Operant Conditioning of cortical unit activity" 1969
- [41] Fetz "Are movement parameters recognizably coded in activity of single neurons?" 1992
- [42] Fetz and Baker "Operantly conditioned patterns on precentral unit activity and correlated responses in adjacent cells and contralateral muscles." 1973
- [43] Fetz and Finocchio "Operant Conditioning of specific patterns of neural and muscular activity" 1971
- [44] Fetz and Finocchio "Operant conditioning of isolated activity in specific muscles and precentral cells" 1972
- [45] Fetz and Finocchio 1975 "Correlations between activity of motor cortex cells and arm muscles during operantly conditioned response patterns." 1975
- [46] Schmidt "single neuron recording from motor cortex as a possible source of signals for control of external devices." 1980
- microelectrode arrays solved one of the problems.
- talk about how more neurons are needed.
- Principles of BMIs: Evarts [66-68], neuronal modulations are highly variable [69-72].
- [66] Evarts, E.V. (1966) Pyramidal tract activity associated with a conditioned hand movement in the monkey.
- [67] Evarts, E.V. (1968) Relation of pyramidal tract activity to force exerted during voluntary movement.
- [68] Evarts, E.V. (1968) A technique for recording activity of subcortical neurons in moving animals.
- "THus, as much as neighboring neurons might display highly disinct firing modulation patterns during the execution of a particular movement, single-neuron firing can vary substantially from one trial to the next, despite the fact that the overt movements remain virtually identical. :
- "averaging across large populations of neurons significantly reduces the variability of signals derived from single neurons [54, 69].
- Should i mention this in thesis?
- Better way to assimilate the BMI into the body is to have proprioceptive feedback.
- suggest the same standard things to be improved, excluding electronics. :
- electrodes / recording
- decoding
- incorporating plasticity
- better prosthetics.
- "multi-unit signals can also be efficiently used in BMI control [57] {318}.
- Some groups have strongly claimed that recordings from a small number of neurons can be sufficient for good performance in a BMI. [55,56,63]
- This is not Miguel's approach: more neurons confers accuracy [54{317},57,70] and reliability [69].
- [70] Wessberg, J. and Nicolelis, M.A. (2004) Optimizing a linear algorithm for real-time robotic control using chronic cortical ensemble recordings in monkeys. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 16, 1022–1035
- Still need new microelectrodes; electrodes become encapsulated by fibrous tissue and cells die in the vicinity of electrodes [77] {781}.
- suggest anti-inflammatory coating, though the jury is out.
- Initial wireless telemetry systems: [93-99]. [93]{315}
- [94] Knutti, J.W. et al. (1979) An integrated circuit approach to totally implantable telemetry systems. Biotelem. Patient Monit. 6, 95–106
- [97] Chien, C.N. and Jaw, F.S. (2005) Miniature telemetry system for the recording of action and ï¬eld potentials. J. Neurosci. Methods 147
- [98] {930}
- [99] Morizio Morizio, J. et al. (2005) Fifteen-channel wireless headstage system for single-unit rat recordings.
- [100] (of broader interest) Moxon, K.A. et al. (2004) Ceramic-based multisite electrode arrays for chronic single-neuron recording. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 51, 647–656
- nanotechnology probes that access the brain through the vasular system [101].
- although a good number of linear and nonlinear algorithms have been proposed and tested [1,54,56,57,70,110-116], Wiener filters have proved sufficient [54,55,57,58,65,117].
- almost 140 years ago Head and Holmes suggested that the body schema -- that is, the internal brain representation of one's body -- could extend itself to include a wielded tool.
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